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Normalize headers in gMock docs Increasing Header levels on two pages, to better match other pages in the same directory. PiperOrigin-RevId: 318280892
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Mark Barolak
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## gMock for Dummies {#GMockForDummies}
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# gMock for Dummies {#GMockForDummies}
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<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0013 DO NOT DELETE -->
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### What Is gMock?
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## What Is gMock?
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When you write a prototype or test, often it's not feasible or wise to rely on
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real objects entirely. A **mock object** implements the same interface as a real
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@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ When using gMock,
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3. then you exercise code that uses the mock objects. gMock will catch any
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violation to the expectations as soon as it arises.
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### Why gMock?
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## Why gMock?
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While mock objects help you remove unnecessary dependencies in tests and make
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them fast and reliable, using mocks manually in C++ is *hard*:
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@@ -85,11 +85,11 @@ We encourage you to use gMock as
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* a *testing* tool to cut your tests' outbound dependencies and probe the
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interaction between your module and its collaborators.
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### Getting Started
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## Getting Started
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gMock is bundled with googletest.
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### A Case for Mock Turtles
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## A Case for Mock Turtles
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Let's look at an example. Suppose you are developing a graphics program that
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relies on a [LOGO](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo_programming_language)-like
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@@ -135,13 +135,13 @@ because your new machine does anti-aliasing differently), easier to read and
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maintain (the intent of a test is expressed in the code, not in some binary
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images), and run *much, much faster*.
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### Writing the Mock Class
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## Writing the Mock Class
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If you are lucky, the mocks you need to use have already been implemented by
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some nice people. If, however, you find yourself in the position to write a mock
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class, relax - gMock turns this task into a fun game! (Well, almost.)
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#### How to Define It
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### How to Define It
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Using the `Turtle` interface as example, here are the simple steps you need to
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follow:
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@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ class MockTurtle : public Turtle {
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You don't need to define these mock methods somewhere else - the `MOCK_METHOD`
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macro will generate the definitions for you. It's that simple!
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#### Where to Put It
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### Where to Put It
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When you define a mock class, you need to decide where to put its definition.
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Some people put it in a `_test.cc`. This is fine when the interface being mocked
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@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ specific domain much better than `Foo` does.
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<!-- GOOGLETEST_CM0029 DO NOT DELETE -->
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### Using Mocks in Tests
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## Using Mocks in Tests
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Once you have a mock class, using it is easy. The typical work flow is:
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@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ Admittedly, this test is contrived and doesn't do much. You can easily achieve
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the same effect without using gMock. However, as we shall reveal soon, gMock
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allows you to do *so much more* with the mocks.
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### Setting Expectations
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## Setting Expectations
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The key to using a mock object successfully is to set the *right expectations*
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on it. If you set the expectations too strict, your test will fail as the result
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@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ to do it just right such that your test can catch exactly the kind of bugs you
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intend it to catch. gMock provides the necessary means for you to do it "just
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right."
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#### General Syntax
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### General Syntax
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In gMock we use the `EXPECT_CALL()` macro to set an expectation on a mock
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method. The general syntax is:
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@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ it makes expectations easily identifiable (either by `gsearch` or by a human
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reader), and second it allows gMock to include the source file location of a
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failed expectation in messages, making debugging easier.
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#### Matchers: What Arguments Do We Expect?
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### Matchers: What Arguments Do We Expect?
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When a mock function takes arguments, we may specify what arguments we are
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expecting, for example:
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@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ to help gMock resolve which overload is expected by specifying the number of
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arguments and possibly also the
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[types of the arguments](cook_book.md#SelectOverload).
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#### Cardinalities: How Many Times Will It Be Called?
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### Cardinalities: How Many Times Will It Be Called?
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The first clause we can specify following an `EXPECT_CALL()` is `Times()`. We
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call its argument a **cardinality** as it tells *how many times* the call should
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@@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ the cardinality for you.** The rules are easy to remember:
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**Quick quiz:** what do you think will happen if a function is expected to be
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called twice but actually called four times?
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#### Actions: What Should It Do?
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### Actions: What Should It Do?
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Remember that a mock object doesn't really have a working implementation? We as
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users have to tell it what to do when a method is invoked. This is easy in
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@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ will be taken afterwards. So the right answer is that `turtle.GetY()` will
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return 100 the first time, but **return 0 from the second time on**, as
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returning 0 is the default action for `int` functions.
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#### Using Multiple Expectations {#MultiExpectations}
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### Using Multiple Expectations {#MultiExpectations}
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So far we've only shown examples where you have a single expectation. More
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realistically, you'll specify expectations on multiple mock methods which may be
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@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ useful for methods that have some expectations, but for which other calls are
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ok. See
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[Understanding Uninteresting vs Unexpected Calls](cook_book.md#uninteresting-vs-unexpected).
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#### Ordered vs Unordered Calls {#OrderedCalls}
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### Ordered vs Unordered Calls {#OrderedCalls}
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By default, an expectation can match a call even though an earlier expectation
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hasn't been satisfied. In other words, the calls don't have to occur in the
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@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ order as written. If a call is made out-of-order, it will be an error.
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them? Can you specify an arbitrary partial order? The answer is ... yes! The
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details can be found [here](cook_book.md#OrderedCalls).)
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#### All Expectations Are Sticky (Unless Said Otherwise) {#StickyExpectations}
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### All Expectations Are Sticky (Unless Said Otherwise) {#StickyExpectations}
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Now let's do a quick quiz to see how well you can use this mock stuff already.
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How would you test that the turtle is asked to go to the origin *exactly twice*
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@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ it's in a sequence - as soon as another expectation that comes after it in the
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sequence has been used, it automatically retires (and will never be used to
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match any call).
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#### Uninteresting Calls
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### Uninteresting Calls
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A mock object may have many methods, and not all of them are that interesting.
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For example, in some tests we may not care about how many times `GetX()` and
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